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Around the world, more than a quarter of the carbon emissions contributing to climate change come from growing and processing food.
Climate change and its associated droughts, floods and extreme weather are already disrupting harvests, wiping out growing seasons and creating food supply chain volatility. In the future, South Africa is expected to experience less rainfall and higher temperatures, which will have a negative impact on water resources, soil and crops.
On top of the scourge of climate change, producers also have to grapple with natural resource degradation due to years of incorrect grazing management. It is estimated that the average net primary productivity in South Africa decreased by an average of 29kg of carbon/ha/year in the period from 1981 to 2003, and has continued to decline since.
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Regenerative Agriculture in South Africa: A Complete Guide for Farmers
Regenerative farming is the solution for South Africa’s farmers. In this guide, we’ll summarise everything you need to know about regenerative farming, regenerative agriculture methods and regenerative soil practices.
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Regenerative agriculture in South Africa
As the world battles a global pandemic, the past year and a bit has reminded us of the importance of our health. Intertwined with human health is the health of our planet, which is also currently in a crisis caused by climate change and the collapse of biodiversity.
Adding to the threat, the world’s population is projected to grow from the current 7,8 billion people to 9,7 billion people over the next three decades. In South Africa, the population has been forecast to grow from 54 million people to over 65 million in 2050.
Along with a growing population to feed, farmers are challenged by changing climate conditions and the overall sustainability of their operations.
The agricultural industry is one of the major culprits regarding biodiversity loss. According to the Regenerative Agriculture Association of South Africa, the industrialised production of food:
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One Solution: Regenerative Farming
In fact, the only solution—is regenerative agriculture. Switching to regenerative agriculture methods minimises carbon emissions, promotes biodiversity, protects the soil and ensures agricultural sustainability.
What is regenerative agriculture?
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What is the difference between regenerative agriculture and organic farming?
While regenerative farming shares many of the same aims as organic farming, it moves beyond the practices of replacing chemical inputs and improving microbiological diversity. Although these are important goals of regenerative farming, its overriding goal is to mimic and work with nature rather than against it.
Why we need Regenerative Farming
As we discussed in the introduction, the current two major food production issues are human health and the environment (with a direct link to climate change).
Our current systems of food production damage the environment, erode our soils and increase greenhouse gas emissions. For the last 75 years, ploughs, chemicals and fertilisers used in the industrial agricultural industry have depleted our soils to the extent that they now produce nutrient-poor food. Depleted soils and chemical inputs impact both human health and environmental health.
So, what can we do to fix this? Put simply, we need to return carbon to the soil instead of pumping it into the atmosphere. Regenerative agriculture is the way to do this.
Photosynthesis does two important jobs:
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Five reasons why we have to change to regenerative farming:
Sustainable is not sufficient
Simply put, there are really only two types of agriculture:
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Basically, all agriculture and types of farming that do not build soil biology and reinstate natural mineral and water cycles can be seen as destructive. Given the dire condition of our soils in South African and around the world, sustainable agriculture can no longer be our goal; we can’t merely “sustain”; we need to “regenerate”.
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Agricultural practices that destroy soil:
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Agricultural practices that destroy soil:
Here's what good soils can do:
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How regenerative farming works
Regenerative agriculture calls on farm management that forms carbon loops rather than a series of carbon emissions that take carbon from the soil into the sky. As a result, these practices rebuild the soil, stimulating microbiology and fixing the water cycle. By maximising the photosynthetic potential of that soil, regenerative agriculture captures more carbon and cools the planet.
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Regenerative agriculture goes back to working with natural systems rather than against them.
This includes methods such as:
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At the end of 2019, the Western Cape Department of Agriculture began two studies:
So far, many of these studies have concluded that in South Africa, the secrets to regenerative farming are:
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The benefits of regenerative agriculture
– Professor David Montgomery
With the practice of regenerative agriculture:
Regenerative agriculture benefits the environment, the farmer and the consumer.
Here’s how:
Increased soil fertility
Regenerative farming techniques such as using cover crops, crop rotation, compost and animal manures organically revitalise the soil and give it nutrients. This represents a long-term solution to soil fertility, rather than plying the soil with harmful or synthetic fertilisers.
READ MORE ABOUT REGENERATIVE SOIL PRACTICES
Better soil structure
Regenerative agriculture improves the soil structure and resilience, thus buffering production against droughts and floods and protecting the soil against water and wind erosion.
Improved water management
Healthier soils mean less rainwater run-off and improved water infiltration into the soil with more plant-available water. This has become particularly important as a way to manage climate change with improved drought tolerance, resilience and endurance.
Increasing crop resilience
Over time, farms that incorporate regenerative agricultural practices see improved yields as a result of healthier crops. This also reduces the need for harmful insecticides and herbicides.
Carbon sequestration
More and more studies indicate that the restoration of degraded land greatly increases carbon capture and storage rates in the soil. The soil microbial communities that exist in symbiosis with plants play a major role in biogeochemical cycles by influencing carbon and nutrient cycling. Thus, better soil and land management means healthier soil with a higher capacity to sequestrate atmospheric carbon, reducing its detrimental effects on people and the environment.
Read more about carbon footprint apps that help you track your emissions.
Improved profitability
Ultimately, healthier soils and healthier crops produced in a more sustainable way benefits the farmer’s bottom line. Using fewer inputs means money saved in production, and higher quantity quality and diversity of yield create more income-generating potential.
Better human health outcomes
Crops grown using regenerative principles are more nutritious to eat, which means that they do a better job supporting a growing population of people and preventing illness and disease.
Regenerative farming methods
Cover Crops
Cover crops ensure a beneficial habitat for the soil organisms through the creation of habitats for beneficial microbes and invertebrates. Cover crops improve soil health and productivity through:
Physical stability: Limiting the loss of soils and nutrients and retaining the soil floor.
Nutrient cycling: Improving nutrient recycling and limiting water loss.
Improved hydrology: Improving water infiltration and water holding capacity, which cools the soil temperature and decreases evaporation.
Increased biodiversity: Improving biological control and balancing the soil biology.
Crop Rotation
Crop rotation is the practice of planting different crops sequentially on the same plot of land. This results in improved soil health, optimised nutrients in the soil, and reduced pest and weed pressure. For example, after planting a field of corn, a farmer may choose to plant beans in the same field once the corn has been harvested. Corn consumes a lot of nitrogen, and beans return nitrogen to the soil. Simple rotations involve two or three crops, and more complex rotations might incorporate a dozen or more different crops.
Reduced Synthetic Inputs
Synthetic fertiliser is not conducive to regenerative systems because it creates an imbalance of microbes in the soil, thus impeding the natural processes by which plants absorb nutrients. The result is an agroecosystem with weak plants that become dependent on artificial fertilisers. In addition, these artificial fertilisers worsen the climate crisis due to the negative effects of chemicals seeping into the atmosphere and water sources. A regenerative farming system aims to preserve a completely natural relationship between plants and soil organisms without the need for synthetic inputs.
Minimum Tillage
As we’ve discussed, creating healthy soil is one of the predominant goals of the regenerative agriculture movement. Decreasing tilling and soil disturbance is one of the best regenerative practices for improving the soil. Tilling causes soil erosion and releases substantial amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Thus, eliminating or reducing tillage increases carbon sequestration and helps reduce global warming.
Managed Livestock Grazing
Industrialised livestock feedlots have led to increased water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and low nutrient forage. A regenerative grazing system, on the other hand, mimics the natural grazing patterns of animals. Methods like time control grazing ensure that the land has sufficient time to regenerate between grazing periods. This results in an increase in water retention, soil carbon deposits, plant and insect biodiversity, and improved field conditions.
Maintaining Biodiversity
Within South Africa’s natural ecosystem, animals like dung beetles and different species of birds are necessary for fertilisation and pollination. For many years, however, farming techniques sought to eliminate these “pests” from their fields—to the detriment of the soil. Regenerative farmers recognise the benefit of having a huge diversity of soil microorganisms to create a healthy, balanced ecosystem, and the positive effects this has for pest management, pollination and the breakdown and binding of minerals. By seeing the farm as part of a wider agro-ecosystem and working with natural biodiversity, farmers experience better soil health and thus better plant health.
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Making the switch to regenerative agriculture
– RegenZ
The first thing to change when switching to regenerative farming is your mindset. Too often, farmers look for quick fixes to improve production outcomes. This is a condition of the 20th and 21st Century mindset, whether we’re talking about farming or anything in life. Technology has enabled instant gratification and quick fixes, which may work in the short term, but don’t solve problems and create a better world in the long term.
The mindset that regenerative farmers need to adopt is a “soil health mindset”. This is based on the understanding that the soil is a living, dynamic ecosystem—not just a growth medium. It involves thinking through what you are doing and where you are going with production practices.
At first, it can be difficult to quantify or translate the benefits of regenerative farming into a monetary value. Start-up costs are high, as you need special equipment and plenty of good quality compost. Fear of change also drives people to continue using their old plant nutrition practices along with new techniques, leading to a doubling of costs and effort.
The mindset that regenerative farmers need to adopt is a “soil health mindset”. This is based on the understanding that the soil is a living, dynamic ecosystem—not just a growth medium. It involves thinking through what you are doing and where you are going with production practices.
Farming with Science & Tech
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Conclusion
The time for regenerative agriculture is now. If anything, we are already too late. Farmers who want to remain viable need to look long-term and build a system that will help ensure their longevity and profitability. This is essential to ensure that the next generation views agriculture as a viable career path and to feed the world’s growing population.
At RegenZ, we focus on “soil and plant health for human health.” For three decades, we have been forging the future of regenerative farming throughout Southern Africa. We provide agricultural technical services and facilitate the supply of sustainable agricultural inputs.
Our mission is to improve human health and nutrition by offering integrated products and services to the extended agricultural and horticultural communities of Southern Africa. Our focus is on sustainably and regeneratively improving soil health and plant health by applying innovations in crop production technology.